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Crystal Zhou is an Associate Professor in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco. She is also Lead Pharmacist with the Cut Hypertension Program operating in the Bay Area of California.

Crystal Zhou, PharmD, APh, AHSCP, BCACP, discussed her role as Lead Pharmacist of the Cut Hypertension Program. 

Q&A: How Barbershops Are Transforming Hypertension Management

journal explores issues within pharmacy, from the impact advocacy can have in community pharmacies to staffing shortages across multiple sectors within pharmacy. This month’s issue also explored the importance of disease awareness months and how they are opportunities to maximize valued care. Check out a preview of this month’s issue here.

download the PDF of the Total Pharmacy August 2024 issue here

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Total Pharmacy

In This Issue: Total Pharmacy August 2024

Combining sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) may offer additional protection against cardiovascular and kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), according to the results of a new meta-analysis published in 

 and presented at the 61st European Renal Association Congress in Stockholm, Sweden.

Separately, SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits. However, little clinical literature has focused on outcomes associated with using the medicines together. Due to the growing prevalence of GLP-1RAs in the 

 and obesity landscape, accelerated by an increasing number of indications for the agent class, this is a crucial area for further study.

The SGLT2 Inhibitor Meta-analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists’ Consortium (SMART-C) is the largest assessment of outcomes for the combined therapeutic use of SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs. The study gathered data from 12 large-scale, placebo-controlled trials of SGLT2is involving 73,238 patients with diabetes. Of these, 3065 were already receiving GLP-1RAs.

Overall, SGLT2is lowered the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events by 11% and hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death by 23% compared to placebo. Notably, this benefit was seen regardless of whether patients were also taking GLP-1RAs.

When used together with GLP-1RAs, SGLT2is reduced the risk of chronic kidney disease progression by 33% and slowed the annual loss of kidney function by nearly 60%.

The study found no additional safety concerns when SGLT2is were used in combination with GLP-1RAs.

Study Reveals Robust Benefits of Semaglutide in Protecting Against Kidney, CV Events in Patients With T2D

Current meta-analysis results build off positive results of the landmark FLOW trial (

). Published earlier in May, results of the international, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial spotlighted semaglutide’s effectiveness in lowering the risk of kidney failure, decelerating worsening kidney function, and protecting against the risk of cardiovascular events and death, in patients with T2D.

“SGLT2 inhibitors have clear protective effects against heart failure and chronic kidney disease, while GLP-1 receptor agonists can reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and also kidney disease—as recently demonstrated in the landmark FLOW trial,” said Brendon Neuen, lead author, clinical associate professor, senior research fellow at The George Institute for Global Health, and director of kidney trials at Sydney’s Royal North Shore Hospital, in a news release.

 “Our findings support using this combination to further improve outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes who meet guideline recommendations for both therapies.”

Elevated glucose from diabetes can damage blood vessels in the heart and kidneys, increasing the risk of 

 and kidney disease. In fact, diabetes is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease.

Moreover, estimates predicting that T2D prevalence will more than double in the next 30 years, surpassing 1 billion global cases by 2050, further strengthen the need for research into diabetes care.

 According to Neuen in an interview with 

 conducted over email, the current study offers valuable insights for developing global treatment strategies for the condition.

"These findings, which represent the largest and most comprehensive evaluation of the combined use of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA, provides the clearest evidence yet that combined use of both medicines can further reduce cardiovascular and kidney disease," said Neuen. "We anticipate that these findings will inform how people with diabetes are treated worldwide, including influencing major clinical practice guidelines.

Although current results suggest that using SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs in tandem may offer robust protection against cardiovascular and kidney disease, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of the combination therapy.

Pharmacy practice is always changing. Stay ahead of the curve: Sign up for our 

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1. Apperloo E, Neuen BL et al. Efficacy and safety of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors with and without glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A SMART-C collaborative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. 

. 2024. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00183-9

2. Massaro L. Study reveals robust benefits of semaglutide in protecting against kidney, CV events in patients with T2D. 

https://www.drugtopics.com/view/study-reveals-robust-benefits-of-semaglutide-in-protecting-against-kidney-cv-events-in-patients-with-t2d

3. Combining popular diabetes drugs offers complementary heart and kidney benefits. News release. The George Institute for Global Health. July 9, 2024. Accessed July 10, 2024. 

https://www.georgeinstitute.org/media-releases/combining-popular-diabetes-drugs-offers-complementary-heart-and-kidney-benefits

4. Mayo Clinic Staff. Chronic kidney disease. Fact sheet. Accessed July 8, 2024. 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521

5. Klein HE. Diabetes prevalence expected to double globally by 2050. 

https://www.ajmc.com/view/diabetes-prevalence-expected-to-double-globally-by-2050

When used together, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were able to lower the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and kidney disease by 11% and 33%, respectively.

Clinical

SGLT2i, GLP-1RA Combination Therapy Offers Robust Protection Against Cardiovascular, Kidney Disease

Since the first official report of AIDS was published in 

in 1981, HIV therapies have drastically changed. The first antiretroviral therapy, zidovudine (AZT), was approved by the FDA in 1987. “It was the only effective medication that we had for HIV,” said Ryan Tomlin, PharmD, AAHIVP, BCPS, a clinical pharmacist in HIV medicine at Trinity Health Grand Rapids in Michigan, “but it wasn’t actually that effective.”

For short periods of time, AZT would successfully suppress the virus. But treatment resistance would develop quickly, and progression to AIDS and acquiring other opportunistic infections was common. “There was real concern, because AZT had been on the market for [so long] with no additional drug development…that the drug company was content with making money off this one drug,” Tomlin explained during his presentation at the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2024 Midyear Clinical Meeting and Exhibition.

Fast forward several decades, “we now have over 50 different medications on the market for the treatment of HIV,” Tomlin said. Among these medications are a collection of long-acting injectable therapies—including cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV; Cabenuva), lenacapavir (Sunlenca), and ibalizumab (Trogarzo)—that have changed the way providers approach HIV management.

Long-acting CAB/RVP is FDA approved for use in individuals who are virologically suppressed on another HIV regimen, have no history of treatment failure, and with no known or suspected resistance to either ingredient. “The way that I describe this medication is that we’ve have never really had any other agents quite like this for the treatment of HIV,” Tomlin said. “This is a new, innovative tool for our toolbox.”

And sometimes, Tomlin explained, new tools are used in ways that they weren’t intended to be. “Sometimes it’s a great success. Other times, they end up breaking the tool.” Health care providers began to ask questions about using CAB/RVP for other types of patients, such as those with poor adherence to oral pills or detectible viral loads.

Q&A: Insights on HIV Care, Pharmacists’ Expanding Role

According to Tomlin, researchers have been working to answer those questions. Earlier in this year, researchers from the University of California, San Francisco presented results of a 24-week retrospective cohort analysis of patients with an HIV viral load ≥50 copies mL who received long-acting CAB/RVP. By week 48, 81% of the 59 patients were virally suppressed and remained on CAB/RVP, 93% were virally suppressed and remained on CAB/RVP or switched to an alternative therapy, and only 5% had viral failure, with emergent drug resistance.

Data are also available from the LATITUDE trial (

), presented at the 2024 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, which included patients with a history of non-adherence to oral HIV medications. Study participants began oral therapy and received intense case management and adherence counseling; once virally suppressed, participants were randomly assigned to either continue oral medication or switch to a long-acting injectable therapy.

“This trial was actually stopped early because—lo and behold—folks who struggled to take oral pills, who stayed in the oral pill arm, continued to struggle to take oral pills,” Tomlin said. “When you have someone newly diagnosed with HIV and you hand them a pill and say, ‘Okay, in order to suppress this virus, you have to take this pill faithfully every day for the rest of your life,’ that’s a really daunting task.”

As a result of this research, “the IAS-USA Guidelines Panel actually put a statement out in support of use of these medications in patients with a detectable viral load,” Tomlin said. When supported by “intensive follow-up and case management services,” providers may now consider long-acting CAB/RPV in people who are unable to consistently take oral antiretroviral medications, who have a high risk of HIV disease progression, and whose virus is susceptible to both cabotegravir and rilpiverine.

In addition to CAB/RVP and other long-acting medications, researchers are studying the efficacy of islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor in combination with lenacapavir as a once-weekly oral pill. Results of these early phase 2 studies look good, Tomlin said, and phase 3 studies are ongoing.

“We’ve known for a little while that despite effective antiretroviral therapy, folks living with HIV have about a 2-fold higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease,” Tomlin said. And when these patients do develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), it happens at a decade younger age. These data, then, beg the question: Should patients with HIV initiate statin therapy?

Researchers are working to find out. Patients with HIV, with a low to moderate risk of ASCVD and no other reason to already be on statin therapy were included in the prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter REPRIEVE trial (

). A total of 7769 participants were randomly assigned to receive either daily pitavastatin 4 mg or placebo, as well as identical education around diet, exercise, and smoking.

“There was a statistically significant lower incidence of [major adverse cardiovascular events] in the pitavastatin arm, such that the trial was stopped early,” Tomlin said. But providers still grapple with these data. It can be disappointing for a patient whose disease is well-controlled with a long-acting medication that they now need to begin taking a daily pill.

Stopping the Syndemic: Pharmacy at the Intersection of HIV and Injection Drug Use

“Does everyone in our clinic over 40 get started on a statin? Do we just put them in a bowl out in the waiting room for everyone to take as they go home? Are all statins created equal?” Tomlin asked. At Tomlin’s clinic, they dug into the trial’s supplemental data and found that study participants who “got the most bang for their buck” had a 10-year ASCVD risk greater than 5%.

“As a result of [the study], HIV guidelines [were updated] with a statement that said for folks living with HIV, over the age of 40 that had a 10-year ASCVD risk greater than 5% but less than 20%, there’s a really strong recommendation to start a statin,” Tomlin said. “If their ASCVD risk is less than 5%, you can still consider it, but it’s a…much weaker recommendation.”

To appreciate how far pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) therapies have come, Lacy Worden, PharmD, BCIDP, an infectious disease clinical pharmacist, antimicrobial stewardship at Corewell Health West, started by looking back at the first FDA-approved PrEP medication.

Based on the results of the iPrEx clinical trial (

), emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF; Truvada) became the first PrEP therapy approved by the FDA in 2012. “Everyone in the HIV space was very excited to have this new tool in our toolbox as a way to help fight the HIV epidemic,” Worden said. PrEP was included in the 2015 National HIV and AIDS reduction strategy, with a goal of reducing new HIV infections by 25% by 2020.

“Although we’re seeing more and more PrEP prescriptions each year, things were not going—and still aren’t going—quite as well as we had hoped,” Worden said. A 2018 interim analysis found that of the estimated 1.2 million adults and adolescents indicated to receive PrEP therapy, only 220,000 received an oral prep prescription. “For all the math nerds in the audience, that equates to approximately 18% of all patients who could benefit [from PrEP].” 

Most concerning, Worden continued, is the persistent disparity in new HIV diagnoses: African Americans represented 42% of all new HIV diagnoses, but only 6% of those eliglble received a PrEP prescription. Disparities were similar among Hispanic/Latino individuals, who represented 27% of new diagnoses, with only 10% of eligible people receiving a PrEP prescription.

“This really highlights some significant concerns that PrEP [is] not reaching who we think may benefit from it,” Worden said.

 update “really tried to emphasize the need for a rapid expansion of PrEP delivery by trying to highlight and destigmatize who we as health care provideers thin may benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis,” Worden explained. These new guidelines empahisze the importance of starting with 

, making brief, targeted sexual histories part of routine primary care and discussing PrEP will all sexually active individuals. “We know these conversations may be a little bit uncomfortable, and we know that patients may not just disclose heavily stigmatized sexual behavior or stigmatized drug use—especially if it’s not something we’re specifically asking about,” Worden said. The hope is that by simply reviewing PrEP agents, patients “either self-reflect…that they have at-risk behavior” or may recognize those behaviors in a friend or family member, who can then go on to access PrEP themselves.

US Preventative Services Task Force PrEP guidelines have also received an update. “In 2020, there were over 30,000 new HIV diagnoses,” Worden said, adding that this number may be an underestimate due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But, she explained, the USPSTF saw the same trends in 2023 as existed in 2018, “with huge disparities in race and risk factor, emphasizing again that PrEP is not reaching the most at-risk patients.”

Today, PrEP is indicated for all patients who are sexually active and who have either an HIV-positive sexual partner, a bacterial STI in the previous 6 months, and a history of inconsistent or no condom use with sexual partners, as well as individuals who have injected drugs in the previous 6 months and have either an HIV-positive injecting partner or who are sharing injection equipment.

Until recently, oral medications have been the mainstay for PrEP, Worden explained: FTC/TDF can be used in anyone at risk for HIV, including through injection drug use, while emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (FTC/TAF; Descovy) is indicated for use in men and transgender women at risk for HIV through sex.

One barrier, though, is that “they are only recommended to be prescribed [for] 90 days at a time, to ensure that all patients have appropriate follow-up and are getting labs monitored regularly to make sure they haven’t developed an infection or are having any problems with the medication,” Worden explained. “But the biggest barrier with oral PrEP is that it only works if you take it.”

Fortunately, Worden continued, there have been significant innovations in the last few years. “We now have injectable drugs that are approved for PrEP,” she said. Cabotegravir (Apretude), an HIV integrase inhibitor, is the first of these options. It a 600 mg/3 mL dose injected into the gluteal muscle every 2 months. However, the injection technique requires patients to be seen by their health care provider, and “getting to the clinic every 2 months may be a barrier,” Worden said.

. This first-in-class capsid inhibitor is currently approved as an HIV treatment; it is extremely long-acting, administered only twice per year. But results of the PURPOSE-1 clinical trial (

)—a phase 3, double-blind, active-control, randomized trial of girls and young women in South Africa—demonstrated 100% efficacy and superiority to daily F/TDF and F/TAF. With no HIV infections in the lenacapavir arm—“the first time in all history for HIV PrEP studies that we had zero infections,” Worden said—an independent data monitoring arm suggested that manufacturer Gilead conclude the blinded phase of the trial and offer lenacapavir to all participants. Rates of background HIV infection were similar in both the F/TDF and F/TAF groups, and after patient drug levels were evaluated, “most patients who did develop [HIV] had very low or no [drug levels] detected,” Worden said. “Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis truly does only work if you’re able to take it on a daily basis.”

Worden also highlighted results of the PURPOSE-2 trial (

), designed “virtually the same” as PURPOSE-1 but comparing lenacapavir only to F/TDF. Patients included men, transgender women, and gender non-binary individuals from 7 countries, and efficacy results were “very similar,” Worden said. Although there were 2 breakthrough infections in the lenacapavir arm, the drug still demonstrated superior efficacy vs F/TDF. “Both PURPOSE-1 and PURPOSE-2 were stopped and unblinded early because they met superiority so quickly,” Worden said. “It really gives us a lot of hope that this may be an agent to help revolutionize HIV prevention.”

), a phase 2 study of PrEP in women, and PURPOSE-4 (

), a phase 3 study of PrEP among people who inject drugs, are ongoing.

Since initial publication, the National HIV and AIDS reduction strategy has been adjusted, with a new goal of reducing new HIV infections by 75% by 2025 and by 90% by 2030. A goal has also been set to increase PrEP coverage to 50% by 2025.

“Even if we find the patient who knows they have risk factors, and knows that these drugs exist, and has access to them, they may not want to take them because HIV is still a very stigmatized infection,” Worden said. “They may not want to pick up these medications from the pharmacy, [or want] their family or friends seeing them with this medication.”

“That’s one of the biggest barriers that still exists,” Worden continued. “Having lenacapavir that’s administered twice a year really does provide some optimism that we may be closer to ending the HIV epidemic.”

2024 ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting and Exhibition here

1. CDC. Pneumocystis pneumonia — Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1981;30(21):250-252.

2. Tomlin R, Worden L. Modern ART: A gallery tour of what’s new in HIV treatment and prevention. Presented at: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2024 Midyear Clinical Meeting and Exhibition; December 8-12, 2024; New Orleans, LA.

A tour of modern antiretroviral and pre-exposure prophylaxis therapies included the latest updates in HIV management and prevention. 

Health System

HIV Treatment, PrEP Have Come a Long Way, With More Work To Be Done | ASHP Midyear 

As pharmacists are experts in medication and possess the social skills to build successful health management plans for their patients, they too are uniquely positioned to guide patients on weight-loss journeys and lifestyle changes designed to improve health. The perfect example of a health care provider moving into both the pharmaceutical and nutritional spaces is Sarah Gray, PharmD, GAICD, known to her patients and followers as “The Nutrition Pharmacist.”

“Before people start to eliminate food groups or go on a keto or a carnivore diet—or all these new diets that come up that won't exist in 10 years’ time because they just keep cycling around—I think they really just need to take care and think about who they're getting that information from,” Gray told 

. A pharmacist is “not just the white-coat person behind the counter labeling the boxes. We actually come out, we speak to people, and we can do a lot more for you.”

In part 3 of our interview with Gray, she focused on the capabilities of pharmacists to expand their scopes within the nutritional space, but also in health care overall. From her perspective as a pharmacist-turned-nutritionist in Melbourne, Australia, to issues in access to obesity management services, Gray touched on several different areas of her expertise.

Stay tuned for a full-length podcast version of our discussion with Gray on the next installment of 

Q&A: A Pharmacist’s Career Journey to Becoming a Nutritionist

: To whom or where would a patient typically go if they were seeking nutritional counseling? In other words, prior to you offering your services and advancements in technology and the internet, where would people typically go for nutritional advice?

In an ideal world, they would be speaking to a qualified nutrition professional. I think that's a pretty common thing. People would usually go to speak to a doctor or somebody about their health and typically be steered to speak to a qualified nutritionist or dietitian. I do actually really like that the eat right website has a great 

Sarah Gray, PharmD, GAICD, explored the unique combination of being both a pharmacist and nutritionist.

Crystal Zhou, PharmD, APh, AHSCP, BCACP

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