Examining Eye Care Disparities in Diabetes

With diabetes the leading cause of new, preventable cases of blindness in working aged adults in the United States, medical experts are now suggesting patients have dilated eye examinations after their first diabetes diagnosis.

Despite this medical advice from the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the American Academy of Optometry and the American Diabetes Association, only about 48% of diabetic patients receive the exam regularly.

A new University of Houston study, published in the journal Diabetes Epidemiology and Management,1 may explain significant racial and ethnic disparities that connect the numbers of those who undergo eye examinations and the prevalence of diabetic eye complications.

“Among diabetic patients, Whites were more likely to receive routine diabetic eye exams than minorities (66.1% vs. 55.5%). Moreover, compared to Hispanics, Whites reported a higher participation rate in clinical services and diabetes self-management education," Jieni Li, lead author of the paper and doctoral student in the lab of Sang Kyu Cho, PhD, assistant professor of pharmaceutical health outcomes and policy at the UH College of Pharmacy, said in a release. Wendy Harrison, OD, PhD, FAAO, an associate professor at the College of Optometry, rounds out the research team.

“The rate of diabetic eye complications ranged from about 12% to almost 19% in the U.S. among diabetic patients from 2009 to 2018. Hispanics had the highest prevalence of diabetic eye complications, followed by African Americans and Whites,” Li explained.

The team analyzed 10 years of survey data from 8080 diabetic patients in the 2009-2018 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The survey is nationally representative of non-institutionalized civilians capturing their health care utilization and costs.

“Li’s research not only documents the burden of diabetic eye complications at a national level, but also identifies why racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected,” Cho said.

In 2010, the National Eye Institute reported that Hispanics who were 50 and older had a higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (8.0%) than African Americans (5.4%) and whites (5.1%). Between 2010 and 2050, the number of Hispanics with DR is expected to triple, from 1.2 million to 5.3 million.

On the other hand, the prevalence of DR in whites is expected to remain relatively stable during the same period. (5.2 million to 6.4 million).
Several studies have assessed racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence and disease management among diabetic patients, but literature that focuses on patients with diabetic eye complications and up-to-date information is limited.

“Because diabetic eye complications are consequences of poorly managed diabetes over time, such racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of diabetic eye complications are likely entrenched in a more profound systemic inequality in health care access,” said Harrison.

The report includes a call for action.

“Given the disparities in diabetic eye complications among minorities, health care providers and policymakers should promote interventions and education programs accordingly to prevent and reduce the development of eye complications,” Cho concluded.

In a separate study, investigators have found that racial and ethnic minorities with glaucoma are facing higher cost-related barriers to medication, which remained after controlling for socioeconomic factors.

The cross-sectional study of 3826 patients with glaucoma found significantly higher odds of self-reported difficulty affording medication were observed among non-Hispanic African American and Hispanic individuals compared with non-Hispanic White individuals.

“Being a chronic disease that frequently requires access to health care, close follow-up, and sometimes complicated and expensive medical and surgical regimens, glaucoma outcomes are often tied to socioeconomic factors, which are invariably linked with race and ethnicity in the US,” wrote Sally L. Baxter, MD, MSc, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, an author of the study.

The goal of the study was to determine cost-related barriers to medication adherence by race and ethnicity in a nationwide cohort of patients with glaucoma.

This article originally appeared on Ophthalmology Times.

Reference

1. Li J, Harrison W, Cho SK. Disparity in diabetic eye complications among racial/ethnic minorities: An analysis of the 2009-2018 United States medical expenditure panel survey. Diabetes Epidemiol Manag. Published online April 2022. doi:10.1016/j.deman.2022.100070